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Edgar Allan Poe


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Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849), American poet, critic, short story writer, and author of such macabre works as “The Fall of the House of Usher” (1840);

I looked upon the scene before me - upon the mere house, and the simple landscape features of the domain - upon the bleak walls - upon the vacant eye-like windows - upon a few rank sedges - and upon a few white trunks of decayed trees - with an utter depression of soul which I can compare to no earthly sensation more properly than to the after-dream of the reveller upon opium - the bitter lapse into everyday life - the hideous dropping off of the veil. There was an iciness, a sinking, a sickening of the heart - an unredeemed dreariness of thought which no goading of the imagination could torture into aught of the sublime. What was it - I paused to think - what was it that so unnerved me in the contemplation of the House of Usher?

Contributing greatly to the genres of horror and science fiction, Poe is now considered the father of the modern detective story and highly lauded as a poet. Walt Whitman, in his essay titled “Edgar Poe’s Significance” wrote;

Poe’s verses illustrate an intense faculty for technical and abstract beauty, with the rhyming art to excess, an incorrigible propensity toward nocturnal themes, a demoniac undertone behind every page. … There is an indescribable magnetism about the poet’s life and reminiscences, as well as the poems.

Poe’s psychologically thrilling tales examining the depths of the human psyche earned him much fame during his lifetime and after his death. His own life was marred by tragedy at an early age (his parents died before he was three years old) and in his oft-quoted works we can see his darkly passionate sensibilities—a tormented and sometimes neurotic obsession with death and violence and overall appreciation for the beautiful yet tragic mysteries of life. They who dream by day are cognizant of many things which escape those who dream only by night.—“Elonora”. Poe’s literary criticisms of poetry and the art of short story writing include “The Poetic Principal” and “The Philosophy of Composition”. There have been numerous collections of his works published and many of them have been inspiration for popular television and film adaptations including “The Tell-Tale Heart”, “The Black Cat”, and “The Raven”. He has been the subject of numerous biographers and has significantly influenced many other authors even into the 21st Century.

Edgar Poe was born on 19 January 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of actors Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins (1787-1811) and David Poe (1784-1810). He had a brother named William Henry (1807-1831) and sister Rosalie (1811-1874). After the death of his parents Edgar was taken in by Frances (d.1829) and John Allan (d.1834), a wealthy merchant in Richmond, Virginia.

Young Edgar traveled with the Allans to England in 1815 and attended school in Chelsea. In 1820 he was back in Richmond where he attended the University of Virginia and studied Latin and poetry and also loved to swim and act. While in school he became estranged from his foster father after accumulating gambling debts. Unable to pay them or support himself, Poe left school and enlisted in the United States Army where he served for two years. He had been writing poetry for some time and in 1827 “Dreams”—Oh! that my young life were a lasting dream! first appeared in the Baltimore North American, the same year his first book Tamerlane and Other Poems was published, at his own expense.

When Poe’s foster mother died in 1829 her deathbed wish was honoured by Edgar and stepfather John reconciling, though it was brief. Poe enlisted in the West Point Military Academy but was dismissed a year later. In 1829 his second book Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems was published. The same year Poems (1831) was published Poe moved to Baltimore to live with his aunt Maria Clemm, mother of Virginia Eliza Clemm (1822-1847) who would become his wife at the age of thirteen. His brother Henry was also living in the Clemm household but he died of tuberculosis soon after Edgar moved in. In 1833, the Baltimore Saturday Visiter published some of his poems and he won a contest in it for his story “MS found in a Bottle”. In 1835 he became editor and contributor of the Southern Literary Messenger. Though not without his detractors and troubles with employers, it was the start of his career as respected critic and essayist. Other publications which he contributed to were Burton’s Gentleman’s Magazine (1839–1840), Graham’s Magazine (1841–1842), Evening Mirror, and Godey’s Lady’s Book.

After Virginia and Edgar married in Richmond in 1836 they moved to New York City. Poe’s only completed novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym was published in 1838. The story starts as an adventure for a young Nantucket stowaway on a whaling ship but soon turns into a chilling tale of mutiny, murder, and cannibalism.

It is with extreme reluctance that I dwell upon the appalling scene which ensued; a scene which, with its minutest details, no after events have been able to efface in the slightest degree from my memory, and whose stern recollection will embitter every future moment of my existence.—Ch. 12

Poe’s contributions to magazines were published as a collection in Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840) which included “The Duc de L'Omelette”, “Bon-Bon” and “King Pest”. What some consider to be the first detective story, “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” was published in 1841;

Now, brought to this conclusion in so unequivocal a manner as we are, it is not our part, as reasoners, to reject it on account of apparent impossibilities. It is only left for us to prove that these apparent ‘impossibilities’ are, in reality, not such.

Poe’s collection of poetry The Raven and Other Poems (1845) which gained him attention at home and abroad includes the wildly successful “The Raven” and “Eulalie” and “To Helen”;

Lo, in yon brilliant window-niche
How statue-like I see thee stand,
The agate lamp within thy hand,
Ah! Psyche, from the regions which
Are Holy Land!

Poe continued to write poetry, critical essays and short stories including “Ulalume”, “Eureka” and “The Cask of Amontillado” (1846);

It must be understood, that neither by word nor deed had I given Fortunato cause to doubt my good will. I continued, as was my wont, to smile in his face, and he did not perceive that my smile now was at the thought of his immolation.

Now living in their last place of residence, a cottage in the Fordham section of the Bronx in New York City, Virginia died in 1847. Poe turned to alcohol more frequently and was purportedly displaying increasingly erratic behavior. A year later he became engaged to his teenage sweetheart from Richmond, Elmira Royster. In 1849 he embarked on a tour of poetry readings and lecturing, hoping to raise funds so he could start his magazine The Stylus.

There are conflicting accounts surrounding the last days of Edgar Allan Poe and the cause of his death. Some say he died from alcoholism, some claim he was murdered, and various diseases have also been attributed. Most say he was found unconscious in the street and admitted to the Washington College Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. He died soon after, on 7 October 1849, and was buried unceremoniously in an unmarked grave in the Old Westminster Burying Ground of Baltimore. On this original site now stands a stone with a carving of a raven and the inscription;

Quoth the Raven, Nevermore

Original Burial Place of
Edgar Allan Poe
From
October 9, 1849
Until
November 17, 1875

Mrs. Marian Clemm, His Mother-In-Law
Lies Upon His Right And Virginia Poe
His Wife, Upon His Left. Under The
Monument Erected To Him In This
Cemetery

In a dedication ceremony in 1875, Poe’s remains were reinterred with his aunt Maria Clemm’s in the Poe Memorial Grave which stands in the cemetery’s corner at Fayette and Greene Streets. A bas-relief bust of Poe adorns the marble and granite monument which is simply inscribed with the birth and death dates of Poe (although his birthdate is wrong), Maria, and Virginia who, in 1885, was reinterred with her husband and mother. Letters from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Lord Alfred Tennyson were read, and Walt Whitman attended. The mysterious Poe Toaster visits Poe’s grave on his birthdays and leaves a partially filled bottle of cognac and three roses.

All that we see or seem
Is but a dream within a dream.—A Dream within a Dream

Biography written by C.D. Merriman for Jalic Inc. Copyright Jalic Inc. 2006. All Rights Reserved.

The above biography is copyrighted. Do not republish it without permission.

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Recent Forum Posts on Edgar Allan Poe

Poe Poetry Discussion

Even thought the odds are against me becasue I have not been able to garner much interest in the Poe Short Story thread, and it seems poetry discussions in general, particuarly, that of more classical work do not seem to often last long here, I thought I would go out on a limb, and take a chance. Out my my love for all things Poe, I am going to attempt a thread discussing Poe's poetic works, becasue I think they are fantastic. I will be starting with one of my personal favorites Annabel Lee, which will be posted shortly with eye-catching pictures, becasue we all love visual effects.

Posted By Dark Muse at Wed 24 Jun 2009, 7:53 PM in Poe, Edgar Allan || 4 Replies

William Wilson

time: analeptical (?), narration time shorter than narrated time (events stretch over several years) mode: narrative, internal foculisation voice: first person narrator, homodiegetic, narrator is unreliable synopsis: The narrator, who refers to himself as William Wilson- although this is not his real name-, wants to reveal to the reader how he came to be the reckless criminal he now is. In doing so, he starts with his time at a boarding school in England. The very day that he first arrived at the school, another boy also named William Wilson also enrolled at this same school. Gradually William Wilson 1 reveals that the other William Wilson was of the same age, the same height, that he imitated his gait, his manners, that in fact he was similar to him in every aspect but one: William Wilson 2's voice was muffled. The narrator tells how this other William Wilson became increasingly annoying to him, as he always intervened to thwart his schemes. One day he wants to perform „one of those illnatured pieces of practical wit“ that he always did, this time at the expense of William Wilson 2. But when he arrives at the other boy's room, he is confunded and terrorized by what he sees there. He recognizes the other William Wilson and yet he cannot believe that it is him. He flees in panic from the room and from the boarding school. After leaving the boarding school, he never talks to the other Wilson again and yet the other boy will remain an important part in his life for some more years. The next couple of years, when he's a student at Eaton, when he's a student at Oxford and when he's travelling through Europe, no matter where he goes, the other William Wilson always finds him and brings him into embarassing situations (for instance, he tells everyone that the narrator was cheating when playing cards). In Rome, finally, the narrator kills the other William Wilson in a fit of anger. interpretation: William Wilson seems to suffer from a personality disorder. The other William Wilson is actually not another person, but an aspect of his own personality with which the narrator doesn't manage to come to terms. More precisely, the other William Wilson is his conscience, his super ego. During his time at boarding school, he still talks with the other William Wilson, he still consults his conscience and thus does not do all the wicked acts that his ego wants him to do, he manages to suppress his evil desires. After his time at boarding school, he no longer consults the other Wilson, but his super ego nevertheless sometimes turns up to prevent him from realizing his worst deeds. After he has killed the other Wilson, however, he becomes the reckless criminal he now is. It is telling that he virtually sees the other Wilson only when he is drunk, when the room is dark and when he is, in fact looking- without realizing it- into a mirror. What he sees there, however, he does not realize as himself, which shows that he doesn't know himself. The last time he was capable of doing so was when he wanted to surprise the other Wilson in his sleep at the boarding school. Here he seems to realize himself, but he is terrified by what he sees and so he flees from the boarding school and wherever he goes, he does not flee from another person, but from himself and, of course, he cannot escape the other Wilson, because he ironically takes his pursuer with him wherever he goes. worth noting: the confinement of the boarding school (he actually refers to it as a kind of prison) forshadows his future career as a criminal and probaly also his ultimate fate: spending the rest of his life in jail; William Wilson is supposed to be the short story with the most autobiographical elements that Poe has ever written: William Wilson's birthday is also Poe's birthday, Poe also visited a boarding school in England for a couple of years and Poe did also gamble when he attended university- he was far less successful than Wiliam Wilson, though.

Posted By Cicero at Tue 21 Apr 2009, 7:58 AM in Poe, Edgar Allan || 0 Replies

The Oval Portrait

- time: chronological, narration time shorter than narrated time (events stretch out over several hours) - mode: narrative, internal focalisation - voice: first person narrator, homodiegetic; It is debatable whether the narrator is reliable or unreliable. On the one hand it is said in the text that the narrator was in a "desperately wounded condition" and in an "incipient delirium" which would be clues for considering the narrator unreliable, but on the other hand, there is strong evidence that Poe did not want this particular narrator to be unreliable. Poe changed the original version of the story (published under the title Life in Death) where the narrator was under the influence of opium and simply cut out this claim. - synopsis: The narrator, who is in a "desperately wounded condition", and his valet break into an abandoned castle to spend there the night. Though abandoned, the castle is still lavishly furnished and full of exquisit paintings that capture the narrators attention. He is sitting on his bed with the candelabrum in his hands and suddenly the light falls into a niche of the room where he discovers another painting he has not yet laid his eyes upon. He is at once startled by the "absolute life- likeliness" of this picture. It is a "mere head and shoulders" and shows a beautiful young girl in an oval frame. For some time he cannot avert his gaze from the picture and when he finally manages to to do so, he looks up the picture in an old volume claiming to describe the pictures of this room and their history. There the narrator finds the story of a young artist who wanted to make a painting of his young wife, but became so obsessed with it that he didn't realize his wife falling ill in the process. Eventually, when the picture was finished, he cried out "This is indeed Life itself" but, ironically, his wife was dead. - attempt of an analysis: The Oval Portrait seems to have an interesting autobiographical background. The narrator claims that the portrait was made "much in the style of the favorite heads of Sully". Thomas Sully was an American painter who had made a portrait of Frances Allan, Poe's foster mother. This painting looked very similar to the picture depicted in the story, so one could interprete the young woman there as Frances Allan. The artist who cared so little for his wife's health could than be her husband John Allan whom Poe made partially responsible for the early demise of his foster mother. Another interpretation of the story could be that it is about art so great that it surpasses the realness of the original and surviving its distruction. This interpretation, however, in my opinion is to positive and therefore falls short of the tragedy involved in the tale. A third possibility that comes to mind is that the tale is about obsession, detructive obsession. A man who cannot cope with the shortcomings and (slight) mistakes of reality and who therefore is obsessed with creating something (here a work of art) which is in accordance with his own ideals, but thereby destroys what really matters, the wife who loved him. Last but not least, I have read- but not understood- that the story is about the "vampiristic" aspect of art sucking the life out of the object it depicts. Does anyone have an idea what this is supposed to mean?

Posted By Cicero at Mon 20 Apr 2009, 9:52 AM in Poe, Edgar Allan || 2 Replies

My attempt to analyse Man of the Crowd

This is a very tough one. I haven't read a coherent interpretation of this short story anywhere and so it's more a collection of ideas that I've read somewhere or that I came up with myself than a genuine analysis let alone a coherent interpretation. - time: chronological, narration time shorter than narrated time (the narrated time stretches out over a couple of hours, whereas the story is narrated only on a few pages) - mode: narrative, internal focalisation - voice: first person narrator, homodiegetic; the narrator is probably unreliable (he mentions that he has just recovered from a serious illness and that he is in a peculiar mental state) - synopsis: The narrator who has just recovered from an unspecified illness, is sitting in a London hotel, reading the newspaper and observing "the promiscuous company in the room." Gradually his interest shifts to the people on the street. As it is getting dark outside, he starts to describe different groups of people walking on the street and keeping them appart by certain characteristics. He starts with respectable persons, "noblemen, merchants, attorneys, tradesmen stockjobbers" and then turns to the less respectable men (and women) frequenting the street. The later it gets, the "darker and deeper themes for speculation" become. After he has considered the least respectable people, his attention his captured by an old man walking by. This old man gives rise to associations with the fiend for the narrator. In fact, he is so fascinated by this old man that he feels inclined to follow him through the dark streets of London. He does so for a while, following him through a populated square, a busy bazar and one of the more disrespectable quarters of London until they again reach the street of the Hotel where the narrator resides. All the way through, the old man seems to be disoriented, wondering about aimlessly and not knowing where to go next. The narrator finally concludes his narrative with the statement that "his old man is the type and the genius of deep crime. He refuses to be alone. He is the man of the crowd. - symbols: dagger and diamond - attempt of an analysis (or rather bits and pieces): As I have stated above, there is, as far as I know, no coherent interpretation of this short story, maybe apart from the explanation of one critic who believes the tale to be one of Poe's hoaxes. This critic asserts that the narrator in his peculiar state of mind is simply following some random old man not realizing that he is nothing but an old drunkard. One might add, when following this line of interpretation, that the reader is following Poe through the story in a similar way, namely not realizing that Poe is pulling the reader's leg. Personally, however, although I know that Poe often did perpetrate such hoaxes, I don't think that it is one of them. Maybe one can gain some understanding of the tale when considering some of the themes and motives of the short story. First, there is the theme of illness mentioned in the story and one might wonder if it was a physical or a mental illness from which the narrator is recovering. Then, there is the motif of reading: At the beginning of the story, the narrator is reading the newspaper, but then proceeds to reading people; first the people frequenting the streets (without considering them as individuals, though, but rather as types) and then he tries to read the old man whom he, however, fails to read. Another theme obviously is that of the city. The thronged streets with all different kinds of people, though none of them displaying any signs of individuality. This picture that Poe paints of the city seems to be very similar to how expressionists more than fifty years later depicted the city- as an anonymous, crime ridden moloch. In fact I have read that many expressionistic artists were influenced by Poe's work in general and, more specifically, by "Man of the Crowd". As I have just indicated, crime (and poverty) is another theme in Poe's tale. The old man wears a dagger and a diamond, the dagger obviously is a symbol for crime and the narrator also expicitely refers to crime in connection with this man (he refers to him as "the genius of deep crime"). Poverty is indicated by the filthy and ragged clothes that the old man wears, but also by his going into this quarter of London "where every thing wore the worst impress of the most deplorable poverty". From the fact that the old man personifies both, crime and poverty, one could infer that Poe wanted to indicate a connection between the former and the latter. Another train of thought would again focus on the narrators peculiar state of mind and his unreliability. There are critics that have claimed that the old man actually is a doppelgaenger of the mentally deranged narrator. A clue for such a reading would be the narrator's assertion that he was "with my brows to the glass" when he spied the old man. Earlier in the text it is said that the panes of the window were smoky. They might thus work like a mirror and the narrator is seeing is own face when looking out of the window. He would then consider the dark side of his own soul and the pursuit of the old man might only be a metaphorical journey through the narrator's own mind. The places that he and the old man visit would than reflect the narrator's own fears and concerns. I think that's all I can think of for now. I know it's not really systematic and no coherent interpretation, but maybe it gives some food for thought for other people who are also reading this story and wondering what it is about. I might post something about some of Poe's other short stories in the next couple of days. (Man, this was the longest forum post that I've ever written anywhere :D) Cicero

Posted By Cicero at Sun 19 Apr 2009, 6:31 PM in Poe, Edgar Allan || 0 Replies

Love&Annabel Lee

Annabel Lee It was many and many a year ago, In a kingdom by the sea, That a maiden there lived whom you may know By the name of Annabel Lee; And this maiden she lived with no other thought Than to love and be loved by me. Love and Death,beautiful and divine nexus to express strength and power of the ones who are in Love.The most beautiful poem ever composed by God to be given Human Beings, is Love.All Music,Paintings,Literature and Poetry make only the expressions of this Divine gift.From such an superior source many generations has been inspired and the best minds of the world created their magnificent pieces. By writing this poem of Love,Edgar Alan Poe gave us eternal truth of divine origin of man;there is no power to be more powerful then Love has happened to be.With so gorgeous feeling of love, Edgar Alan Poe resurrected dead soul and beat death,showing simple and genuine path to the meridian happiness.We are blessed by love of Jesus Christ.His words has been spread everywhere and came to everything. Divine Love gifted its crystal drops to every one of creatures formed by God’s will;living bodies fulfilled blood fluid colored in red as eternal impress of passion;first sin of the three of Cognition;man and woman’s guilty gave birth to Devil! If you ever wanted to know of How Devil was born ,now, by reading this lines there is no more Mystery for you:Devil has been conceived by sin of Adam and Eva /woman and man/And being the feature of each passion has been in loosing one’s mind, there is no possibility to understand torrent of feelings whiff our bodies to get the highest point in mind visions. Did you ever experience a passionate love?Suddenly,even it is not known by you,he sneaks,and his name is DEVIL!The moment of falling in Love is most beautiful we are able to feel.That charm of unknown like a magic possesses you leading to serene spirit condition,which resembles death;trying to plumb the key point Edgar Alan Poes’ connection between Love/Life and Death i’ think finally conceived the point:It is about Reconciliation with Destiny-to be surrendered and being aware of sense to be helpless,when you know there is nothing you can change anymore! I am very happy to catch up with this,it was the main spot i was longing to find out!Magnificent common attribute that links Love and Death! The angels, not half so happy in heaven, Went envying her and me — He lies by her ;there is not limit between life and death,since death has been beaten for all the time.Two souls has been joined forever. The angels, not half so happy in heaven, Went envying her and me — Yes! — that was the reason (as all men know, In this kingdom by the sea) That the wind came out of the cloud by night, Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee. Their love was so glorious that angels in the heaven have not reached happiness of temporal lovers.

Posted By rima at Tue 14 Apr 2009, 8:26 AM in Poe, Edgar Allan || 4 Replies

Poe and Gothic Literature

Hi everybody (: I need a help.I am going to write an essay for my final project about the gothic literature and poe.But I do not know where to start and how to inform.any written subject or works can help me. Thanks for reading :)

Posted By dr3amcatch3r at Sun 15 Mar 2009, 6:51 AM in Poe, Edgar Allan || 1 Reply

Alone, by Edgar Allan Poe

From childhood's hour I have not been As others were---I have not seen As others saw---I could not bring My passions from a common spring. From the same source I have not taken My sorrow; I could not awaken My heart to joy at the same tone; And all I lov'd, I loved alone. Then---in my childhood---in the dawn Of a most stormy life---was drawn From ev'ry depth of good and ill The mystery which binds me still: From the torrent, or the fountain, From the red cliff of the mountain, From the sun that 'round me roll'd In its autumn tint of gold--- From the lightning in the sky As it pass'd me flying by--- From the thunder and the storm, And the cloud that took the form (When the rest of Heaven was blue) Of a demon in my view. I love the poem. I've chosen it for my school project. The project requires me to do an analysis, and I could really use some help, if none of you mind! Thanks! To those who help.

Posted By goanalogbaby at Tue 6 Jan 2009, 4:19 PM in Poe, Edgar Allan || 1 Reply

Attention to all Poe lovers!! Poe's 200th Birthday is approaching!!

Here's the situation: There is a new movie already made, a movie based on Poe's life, rather than his work. There are 3 other Hollywood hits being made in the process, but they're based on his short stories. So this film, produced by Brent Fidler, remains the only movie about Poe's fascinating life. As a gift to Poe's fans, the movie will stream for free for one day, on Poe's 200th birthday - Jan 19th, 2009. The producer is an independent one, he spent his own money to make the movie. This is a true masterpiece made directly for the fans! The movie has not and will not play in theaters. It will only be available to view for free on Jan 19th, on DVD afterwards, and possibly on some TV stations way down the road. I'm trying to reach out to Poe's fans to raise the awareness of this movie which you can all watch for free!!!!! I know many of you are very puzzled about Poe's life, it has a lot of mysteries to this day, but the movie has been researched like no other, and will answer a lot of your questions!!! This is a great tool if you're studying Poe's art. This is a must see for any Poe lover, or anyone who appreciates a great horror/mystery film. This is no joke, you can view the trailer on youtube in my signature!!!

Posted By Poe-TheLastDays at Fri 19 Dec 2008, 2:16 PM in Poe, Edgar Allan || 1 Reply

I know this is probaly typical but i need some help.

I just started going back to school after a 20 year break. I'm currently taking an intro to literature class and have to do a group project on Edgar Allan Poe. Nobody in my group seems to want to work on it and I am at a lose as to what to do. I'm looking for some suggestions on how to do this. It has to be about 20-30 minutes long and can't be a biography. I would appreciate any suggestions anybody has.

Posted By tdahlke at Wed 26 Nov 2008, 3:00 PM in Poe, Edgar Allan || 5 Replies

When i stood by the sea ( a tribute to poe and annabel lee )

Twas once upon a time I stood Nearby the sounding sea . By the man who loved the maiden ; Beautiful , Annabel Lee . As he spoke then , my sorrow welled . And likewise did the sea . It seemed that even Neptune sighed , And welled ; wept both wind and lee . And that was well , for each of us Now yearned and wept as three . For all the maidens men have loved In such kingdoms by the sea . And so that evening as I stood ; Just Neptune , Poe , and me . I spied a spirit maiden wrapped In a gown blown loose and free . The specter heard our mournful wail Like sirens by the sea . And drifted by and wondered at Such sad , sorrowed souls as we . He looked and then Poe saw her eyes . As Neptune did and me . The same he saw so long ago In a kingdom by the sea . He stretched his arms , and she stretched hers ; As Neptune's arms gripped me . And as we cried , she took him up . Both then , as if one , you see . Then Neptune's trident pointed out The way for Poe and she . And those three drifted up and off This cliff , by the sounding sea . The last I saw , as I stood still And felt the wind blow free ; The maiden that Poe dearly loved From that kingdom by the sea . She turned her head and cast her eyes And smiled a smile at me . Twas then I knew , she'd take me too ; This soul , called Annabel Lee . GREENWOLFE 1962

Posted By GREENWOLFE1962 at Mon 24 Nov 2008, 2:49 PM in Poe, Edgar Allan || 0 Replies

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