1263: Balliol College, Oxford is founded by John I de Balliol.
Strange, I could've sworn it was 1253.
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1263: Balliol College, Oxford is founded by John I de Balliol.
Strange, I could've sworn it was 1253.
1262 - Adam de la Halle writes the first operetta, "Le Jeu de la Feuillee".
1261
The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, thus re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.
The earliest extant Chinese illustration of 'Pascal's Triangle' is from Yang Hui's book Xiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa, published in this year, although knowledge of Pascal's Triangle existed in China by at least 1100.
1260 - September 4 – The Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeats the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti.
1259
Battle of Pelagonia: The Empire of Nicaea defeats the Principality of Achaea in the Battle of Pelagonia ,ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.
The famous frescoes of the Boyana Church in Bulgaria are completed (today, the church and its murals are a UNESCO World Heritage Site).
The German cities of Lübeck, Wismar, and Rostock enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the Baltic Sea, laying the groundwork for the Hanseatic League.
1258 - Llywelyn the Last declares himself Prince of Wales. He is the final ruler of an independent Wales, before its conquest by the English
1257 - Matthew Paris, English historian, personally interviews King Henry III of England for an entire week while compiling his major work of English history, Chronica Majora.
1256 - William II, Count of Holland, King of Germany dies.
1255 - August – The final Cathar stronghold in southern France falls, eliminating their last refuge since the Roman Catholic Church began the Albigensian Crusade to crush the sect in 1209.
1254 - Edward Plantagenet marries Eleanor of Castile. His father Henry III had demanded the marriage in exchange for ending the war with her brother Alfonso X of Castile.
1253
- Jews are expelled from Vienne France by order of Pope Innocent III.
- The Basilica of San Francesco, the earliest important structure in the Italian Gothic style of architecture, is completed in Assisi, Italy.
- King Louis IX of France dispatches William of Rubruck from Constantinople on a missionary journey to convert the Tatars of central and eastern Asia. Later that year, William records the first meeting between European Christians and Buddhists.
- The Mongol Empire launches attacks on the Muslim cities of Baghdad and Cairo.
1252 - – Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorises the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition. Torture quickly gains widespread usage across Catholic Europe.
1251 - April – The first Shepherds' Crusade, a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade, occurs.
1250 - December 13 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, dies. Frederick II is the last Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty; after the interregnum, the empire passes to the Habsburgs.
And thus the great myth of the eternal emperor Frederick Barbarossa and the rise of the Habsburgs begin...
1249
The Seventh Crusade leaves Cyprus. Led by France's Louis IX, the crusaders take Damietta. The king's brother Alphonse de Poitiers join them to march on Cairo where they are halted before Mansura.
Roger Bacon makes the first known European reference to gunpowder in a letter written at Oxford. This is 12 years after the Mongol invasions, and the English Franciscan now knows how to make powder. He also struggles to make science part of the curriculum at Oxford colleges, claiming that it is complementary to religion, not opposed to it.