Originally Posted by Virgil
That's a rather large question which could draw a lot of dispute. Here's my opinion:
Very rarely in history has literature actually shaped culture. Perhaps Pilgim's Progress and Paradise Lost might qualify, but even then I think they are reflecting their times. So given this dichotomy I side with reflecting. But it's more complicated than that. You can have two authors who live in the same culture at the same time and have very different notions of how their culture is presented in their art. Shakespeare and Ben Jonson for instance; perhaps Dickens and Thackery and Emily Bronte in the Victorian era. So what do I make of that? I think that art neither shapes nor reflects it's culture; it's the artist particular view of his times and ideas.