Footnotes

[Footnote 1: Celebrated general under Petr' Alexiovitch the Great, and
the Tzarina Anna Iwanofna; banished by her successor, the Tzarina
Elizabeth Petrofna.]

[Footnote 2: Sav�liitch, son of Sav�li.]

[Footnote 3: Means pedagogue. Foreign teachers have adopted it to
signify their profession.]

[Footnote 4: One who has not yet attained full age. Young gentlemen who
have not yet served are so called.]

[Footnote 5: _Drorovuiye lyndi_, that is to say, courtyard people, or
serfs, who inhabit the quarters.]

[Footnote 6: Eudosia, daughter of Basil.]

[Footnote 7: Diminutive of Petr', Peter.]

[Footnote 8: Anastasia, daughter of Garassim]

[Footnote 9: Orenburg, capital of the district of Orenburg, which--the
most easterly one of European Russia--extends into Asia.]

[Footnote 10: _Touloup_, short pelisse, not reaching to the knee.]

[Footnote 11: John, son of John.]

[Footnote 12: One kopek=small bit of copper money.]

[Footnote 13: The rouble was then worth, as is now the silver rouble,
about 3s. 4d. English money.]

[Footnote 14: "_Kvass_," kind of cider; common drink in Russia.]

[Footnote 15: Whirlwind of snow.]

[Footnote 16: Curtain made of the inner bark of the limetree which
covers the hood of a _kibitka_.]

[Footnote 17: Marriage godfather.]

[Footnote 18: Torch of fir or birch.]

[Footnote 19: Tributary of the River Ural.]

[Footnote 20: Tea urn.]

[Footnote 21: A short caftan.]

[Footnote 22: Russian priest.]

[Footnote 23: Russian peasants carry their axe in their belt or behind
their back.]

[Footnote 24: Under Catherine II., who reigned from 1762-1796.]

[Footnote 25: _i.e._, "_palati_," usual bed of Russian peasants.]

[Footnote 26: Allusion to the rewards given by the old Tzars to their
_boy�rs_, to whom they used to give their cloaks.]

[Footnote 27: Anne Iv�nofna reigned from 1730-1740.]

[Footnote 28: One _verst�_ or verst (pronounced viorst) equal to 1,165
yards English.]

[Footnote 29: Peasant cottages.]

[Footnote 30: _Loubotchnyia, i.e._, coarse illuminated engravings.]

[Footnote 31: Taken by Count M�nich.]

[Footnote 32: John, son of Kouzma.]

[Footnote 33: Formula of affable politeness.]

[Footnote 34: Subaltern officer of Cossacks.]

[Footnote 35: Alexis, son of John.]

[Footnote 36: Basila, daughter of Gregory.]

[Footnote 37: John, son of Ignatius.]

[Footnote 38: The fashion of talking French was introduced under Peter
the Great.]

[Footnote 39: Diminutive of _Marya_, Mary.]

[Footnote 40: Russian soup, made of meat and vegetables.]

[Footnote 41: In Russia serfs are spoken of as souls.]

[Footnote 42: Iv�nofna, pronounced Iv�nna.]

[Footnote 43: Poet, then celebrated, since forgotten.]

[Footnote 44: They are written in the already old-fashioned style of the
time.]

[Footnote 45: Tr�diakofski was an absurd poet whom Catherine II. held up
to ridicule in her "Rule of the Hermitage!"]

[Footnote 46: Scornful way of writing the patronymic.]

[Footnote 47: Formula of consent.]

[Footnote 48: One _verchok_ = 3 inches.]

[Footnote 49: Grandson of Peter the Great, succeeded his aunt, Elizabeth
Petrofna, in 1762; murdered by Alexis Orloff in prison at Ropsha.]

[Footnote 50: Torture of the "_bat�gs_," little rods, the thickness of a
finger, with which a criminal is struck on the bare back.]

[Footnote 51: Edict or ukase of Catherine II.]

[Footnote 52: Pugatch means bugbear.]

[Footnote 53: Sarafan, dress robe. It is a Russian custom to bury the
dead in their best clothes.]

[Footnote 54: Girdles worn by Russian peasants.]

[Footnote 55: Peter III.]

[Footnote 56: Little flat and glazed press where the Icons or Holy
Pictures are shut up, and which thus constitutes a domestic altar or
home shrine.]

[Footnote 57: _Atam�n_, military Cossack chief.]

[Footnote 58: 1 p�tak = 5 kopek copper bit.]

[Footnote 59: First of the false Dmitri.]

[Footnote 60: Allusion to the old formulas of petitions addressed to the
Tzar, "I touch the earth with my forehead and I present my petition to
your 'lucid eyes.'"]

[Footnote 61: At that time the nostrils of convicts were cut off. This
This barbarous custom has been abolished by the Tzar Alexander.]

[Footnote 62: Daughter of another Commandant of a Fort, whom Pugatch�f
outraged and murdered.]

[Footnote 63: Name of a robber celebrated in the preceding century, who
fought long against the Imperial troops.]

[Footnote 64: In the torture by fire the accused is tied hand and foot;
he is then fixed on a long pole, as upon a spit, being held at either
end by two men; his bare back is roasted over the fire. He is then
examined and abjured by a writer to confess, and any depositions he may
make are taken down.]

[Footnote 65: Slight skirmish, wherein the advantage remained with
Pugatch�f.]

[Footnote 66: Frederick, son of Frederick; name given to Frederick the
Great by the Russian soldiery.]

[Footnote 67: Title of a superior officer.]

[Footnote 68: Hazard game at cards.]

[Footnote 69: Diminutive of Emelian.]

[Footnote 70: Little summer carriage.]

[Footnote 71: Fedor Poushkin, a noble of high rank, ancestor of the
author, was executed on a charge of treason by Petr' Alexiovitch the
Great.]

[Footnote 72: Leaders of the Russian faction against John Ernest, Duc de
Biren, Grand Chamberlain, and favourite of the Tzarina, Anne Ivanofna.
Both were executed in a barbarous manner.]

[Footnote 73: Anna, daughter of Blaize.]

[Footnote 74: General Romanoff, distinguished in the wars against the
Turks, vanquished them at Larga and Kazoul, 1772. He died 1796.]